@article {48234,
	title = {SNP discovery and structural insights into OeFAD2 unravelling high oleic/linoleic ratio in olive oil},
	journal = {Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2022},
	month = {JUL},
	pages = {1229-1243},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FAD2), a key enzyme in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, is involved in the desaturation and conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in oleic/linoleic acid ratio and the quality of olive oil. DNA sequencing of 19 FAD2 genes from a set of olive oil varieties revealed several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and highlighted associations between some of the SNPs and saturated fatty acids contents. This was further confirmed by SNP-interaction and machine learning approach. Haplotype diversity analysis led to the discovery of three highly polymorphic SNPs and four haplotypes harboring differential oleic/linoleic acid ratios. Moreover, a combination of molecular modeling and docking experiments allowed a deeper and better understanding of the structure-function relationship of the FAD2 enzyme. Sequence patterns and variations involved in the regulation of the FAD2 activity were also identified. Furthermore, S82C and H213N substitutions in OeFAD2 make the Oueslati variety more interesting in terms of fatty acid profile and oleic acid level. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology.</p>
},
	keywords = {docking, Fatty acid desaturase, Haplotype, machine learning, Oleic/linoleic acid ratio, Protein structure},
	issn = {2001-0370},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.028},
	author = {Ben Ayed, Rayda and Moreau, Fabienne and Ben Hlima, Hajer and Rebai, Ahmed and Ercisli, Sezai and Kadoo, Narendra and Hanana, Mohsen and Assouguem, Amine and Ullah, Riaz and Ali, Essam A.}
}
@article {49441,
	title = {Molecular insights into the oleic acid accumulation in safflower},
	journal = {Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society},
	year = {2024},
	month = {AUG},
	type = {Article; Early Access},
	abstract = {<p>
	Most of the Indian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties produce oil rich in linoleic acid (LA, similar to 75\%) and low in oleic acid (OA, similar to 15\%). In the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzyme converts OA to LA. Safflower is reported to have 12-20 FAD2 genes. Gene expression analysis of four FAD2 genes during seed development in a high LA variety, PBNS-12, revealed high expression of FAD2-1 at 21 days after flowering (DAF), correlating with high LA accumulation. Fatty acid profiling of 448 Indian safflower germplasm accessions revealed four lines to have high (58\%-77\%) OA content, with NASF-39 having the highest OA content. Interestingly, all four high OA lines showed the same mutation in the FAD2-1 gene. The DNA sequence of FAD2-1 from the four high OA lines showed a deletion of C at the +606 position, resulting in a premature stop codon at the +733 position and a truncated protein of 244 amino acids. Hence, despite the high expression levels of FAD2-1 in NASF-39 at 18-21 DAF, it exhibited high OA (77\%). The dysfunctional nature of the truncated FAD2-1 in NASF-39 was evident in molecular docking studies with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine. We also sequenced FATB, a thioesterase responsible for releasing stearic acid from acyl carrier protein for further desaturation to oleic acid, where an A773G substitution was observed. This resulted in E258G substitution in NASF-39 FATB compared to that of PBNS-12. This probably made the acyl-binding pocket of NASF-39 FATB unstable, contributing to high OA accumulation. Thus, the outcomes of this study can help develop super and ultra-high oleic safflower varieties through various genetics and genomics approaches.</p>
},
	keywords = {Carthamus tinctorius, FAD2, FATB, Fatty acid desaturase, fatty acid thioesterase, linoleic acid},
	issn = {0003-021X},
	doi = {10.1002/aocs.12892},
	author = {Salunke, Gayatri and Badhe, Yogesh and Singh, Vrijendra and Ghorpade, Prakash and Hegde, Mahabaleshwar and Kadoo, Narendra}
}
