@article {46424,
	title = {Formic-acid-induced using recyclable-ionic liquids as catalysts for lignin conversion into aromatic co-products},
	journal = {Waste and Biomass Valorization},
	year = {2019},
	month = {NOV},
	type = {Article; Early Access},
	abstract = {<p>Lignin has been widely named as a sustainable and renewable bioresource of energy, fuels, chemicals and materials, particularly phenolic chemicals production on Earth. These bio-derived compounds are in great potential need of biorefinery to valorize complete plant biomass. Lignin depolymerization showed a great promise approach to convert into low molecular aromatic products. In this report, high molecular weight (54,000 Da) lignin depolymerization into maximum yields (87\%), (\&gt;= 95 +/- 6\% mass balance) using a formic acid along with dual (-SO3H) functionalized imidazole-based recyclable (4 times) Bronsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as catalysts have been investigated in H2O-CH3OH (1:5, v/v) at 120 degrees C for 1 h. The structural correlations between the lignin and aromatic products were studied by bulk (CHNS, GPC, etc.) and molecular (UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR (1D/2D) levels experimental techniques. Additionally, the identification of aromatic products was carried out by applying HPLC, GC and GC-MS techniques. Graphic Addition of a formic acid into Bronsted acidic ionic liquids improved the catalytic efficiency significantly for lignin depolymerization into 87\% low molecular weight aromatic products. [GRAPHICS] .</p>
},
	keywords = {Bulk and molecular levels analysis, depolymerization, Dual functionalized ionic liquids, Formic acid, lignin},
	issn = {1877-2641},
	doi = {10.1007/s12649-019-00896-3},
	author = {Singh, Sandip K. and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
@article {48182,
	title = {Protophilic solvent-impelled quasi-catalytic CO2 valorization to formic acid and N-formamides},
	journal = {Fuel},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2022},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {125074},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	As a low-price and luxuriant C1 sustainable resource, CO2 has the privilege of synthesizing hydrogen carriers and valuable chemicals. However, expensive metallic and organic catalysts are often indispensable for going on wheels of the relevant reaction processes. In this work, a protophilic solvent-impelled quasi-catalytic system was developed for efficient synthesis of formic acid and various N-formamides with high yields of 76-94\% via reductive CO2 functionalization under mild reaction conditions (50 ?). Direct activation of the liquid hydrosilane toward the reduction of CO2 enabled by DMSO with optimum basicity/protophilicity is the predominant reaction route among the examined interaction models, while carbonic acid potentially derived from excessive CO2 and residual water inhibits the reaction, as explicitly disclosed by theoretical calculations and isotope labeling experiments. In addition, the in situ formed O-formyl species is conductive to the cascade CO2 reduction steps, which remarkably facilitated the overall quasi-catalytic upgrading process.</p>
},
	keywords = {CO2 utilization, Formic acid, Green energy, Nitrogenous chemicals, Quasi-catalysis},
	issn = {0016-2361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125074},
	author = {Wu, Hongguo and Li, Hu and Zhao, Wenfeng and Sudarsanam, Putla and Yang, Song}
}
