02362nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260007400214300001000288490000700298520158400305653002101889653002001910653002601930653001601956100002101972700001601993700001902009856011602028 2008 eng d a0167-685700aEffect of TDZ and 2, 4-D on peanut somatic embryogenesis and in vitro bud development0 aEffect of TDZ and 2 4D on peanut somatic embryogenesis and in vi aVAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDSbSPRINGERcJUL a85-900 v943 a

Failure of peanut somatic embryos to convert into plantlets is attributed to the abnormal development of the plumule. Thidiazuron (TDZ) was effective in the conversion of peanut somatic embryos to plantlets by triggering morphogenetic activity in the abnormal plumules of the rooted somatic embryos. The present study aimed to induce normal embryo differentiation by culturing the embryogenic masses in embryo development medium containing 2,4-D and various concentrations of TDZ. Although this was not achieved due to restricted somatic embryo development in the presence of TDZ, bud-like projections appeared in the embryogenic masses when these were cultured in media containing combinations of 2,4-D and TDZ. These projections developed into buds, which subsequently formed shoots and plantlets. The response varied with the concentration and exposure of TDZ. At lower concentrations, the buds appeared in a defined row in the equatorial region of the explant, and with extended incubation, more and more buds appeared in rows alongside the initial row. Induction of multiple buds in a defined row in this specific site (equatorial region) suggested the presence of potent cells around this region. At higher concentrations, these projections appeared in large numbers spread over the whole upper part of the embryogenic mass starting from the equatorial region. The ability of embryogenic mass to convert into organogenic mass and to produce large number of organogenic buds provides an excellent system for basic studies and for the genetic transformation of peanut.

10aArachis hypogaea10aembyogenic mass10asomatic embryogenesis10athidiazuron1 aJoshi, Madhumita1 aSujatha, K.1 aHazra, Sulekha uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-tdz-and-2-4-d-peanut-somatic-embryogenesis-and-vitro-bud-development-002174nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260008000239300001400319490000800333520125000341653002001591653002101611653001901632653000901651653002601660653001201686100002501698700001801723700001901741700003001760856013001790 2008 eng d a1618-264200aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryo-derived peanut leaves by scanning electrochemical microscopy0 aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryoderived peanut  aTIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANYbSPRINGER HEIDELBERGcJUL a2227-22330 v3913 a

The stomatal physiology, chlorophyll distribution and photosynthetic activity of somatic embryo (SE)- and seedling-derived peanut plants grown in vitro (test tube-grown) and extra vitrum (soil-grown) are investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This SECM imaging is performed in two different feedback modes, corresponding to oxygen evolution and chlorophyll distribution. More specifically, the oxygen evolution profiles of the in vitro leaves indicate important differences in leaf anatomy between the SE- and seedling-derived leaves. On the other hand, the chlorophyll distribution images show individual stomata of size ca. 27 +/- 5 mu m. Further studies on senescing (aged) leaves reveal interesting voltammograms that vary widely over the stomatal complexes and the surrounding tissues, probably due to the release of electroactive metabolites during chlorophyll breakdown when the leaves turn yellow. Thus, the present investigation could open up new opportunities for characterizing botanical systems using electroanalytical techniques. In addition, it could provide further insights into various areas of current relevance, including signal transduction, cell fate/differentiation and developmental biology.

10aleaf senescence10aoxygen evolution10aphotosynthesis10aSECM10asomatic embryogenesis10astomata1 aParthasarathy, Meera1 aSingh, Shweta1 aHazra, Sulekha1 aPillai, Vijayamohanan, K. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/imaging-stomatal-physiology-somatic-embryo-derived-peanut-leaves-scanning-electrochemical-002481nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260005700210300001200267490000600279520172400285653002002009653002202029653003102051653001102082653002602093100001802119700001902137856010702156 2009 eng d a1863-546600aSomatic embryogenesis from the axillary meristems of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)0 aSomatic embryogenesis from the axillary meristems of peanut Arac a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcOCT a333-3400 v33 a

Developmental anomalies in the plumule meristem of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) somatic embryos resulted in poor shoot differentiation and reduced plant recovery. Existing meristems with caulogenic potential have never been tested for embryogenesis in peanut. The present experiment was designed to test the mature zygotic embryo axis derived plumule with three meristems for somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic masses and embryos developed from the caulogenic meristems in the axils. Exposure of 2 weeks in primary medium with 90.5 A mu M 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation temporarily which then regained the ability to form the shoot on withdrawal of 2,4-D. Exposure of 4 weeks in primary medium with 90.5 A mu M 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation irreversibly. No shoot formation was noted from the tips in any of the cultures which were in secondary medium with 13.6 A mu M 2,4-D. Development of somatic embryos directly from axillary meristems was confirmed histologically. Conversion frequency of these embryos was 11%. Thus, in this report, we describe a method to obtain somatic embryos from the determined organogenic buds of the axillary meristem, by culturing the nodal explant vertically on embryo induction medium. It also displays the possibility of obtaining both embryogenic and organogenic potential in two parts of the same explant simultaneously. The possibility of extending this approach for genetic transformation in in vivo system through direct DNA delivery or Agrobacterium injection in meristems can also be explored. Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, we have demonstrated the possibility of gene transfer in the axillary meristems of seed-derived plumule explant.

10aApical meristem10aAxillary meristem10aMature zygotic embryo axis10aPeanut10asomatic embryogenesis1 aSingh, Shweta1 aHazra, Sulekha uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/somatic-embryogenesis-axillary-meristems-peanut-arachis-hypogaea-l-002242nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260005700208300001200265490000600277520146500283653001101748653001701759653002101776653002101797653001401818653002601832100002501858700001901883856011001902 2012 eng d a1863-546600aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpus anacardium L.0 aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpu a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAPR a141-1480 v63 a

Three different morphogenic responses-caulogenesis, direct somatic embryogenesis, and callusing-were noted in cotyledon explants of Semecarpus anacardium L. cultured in woody plant medium (WPM) containing thidiazuron (TDZ). Thidiazuron, at all concentrations tested, induced organogenic as well as embryogenic responses. The organogenic buds differentiated to shoots and the embryogenic mass (EM) gave rise to globular embryos which differentiated up to cotyledon-stage embryos on repeated culture in growth regulator (GR)-free WPM medium containing 0.2% activated charcoal after the removal of TDZ. The organogenic and embryogenic responses were optimal in 9.08 mu M TDZ after the removal of TDZ. Elongated shoots rooted in half-strength liquid WPM medium with 2.46 mu M indole butyric acid. Plants were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. Histological studies confirmed the direct origin of the organogenic buds from the cotyledon explants. The EMs produced somatic embryos on repeated culture in charcoal incorporated GR-free medium. Morphogenic callus formation from the cotyledon explants was also noted. This callus on repeated culture in WPM medium with charcoal differentiated into somatic embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis was evident from direct and indirectly formed primary embryos. The somatic embryos did not convert into plantlets, though sporadic germination of embryos was observed through the emergence of roots.

10acallus10aCaulogenesis10aGlobular embryos10aGrowth regulator10aHistology10asomatic embryogenesis1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitro-morphogenic-response-cotyledon-explants-semecarpus-anacardium-l-002281nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260008200224300001200306490000700318520149900325653001601824653002601840653002201866653002301888100001801911700002401929856012201953 2013 eng d a0042-750000aUse of amino acids for a highly efficient somatic embryogenesis in grapevine `Crimson Seedless'0 aUse of amino acids for a highly efficient somatic embryogenesis  aGEILWEILERHOF, D-76833 SIEBELDINGEN, GERMANYbJKI-INSTITUT REBENZUCHTUNGcJAN a137-1400 v523 a

Somatic embryogenesis influenced by growth regulators and amino acids was studied in in vitro leaves of grapevine `Crimson Seedless'. In vitro leaves of the cultivar were collected from multiple shoot cultures maintained on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium supplemented with 9 mu M N-6-benzyladenine (BA). Among the growth regulators used, BA at 4.5 mu M induced higher embryogenic response producing more number of somatic embryos per explant. This response was increased with the addition of 5 mu M naphthoxyl-acetic acid (NOA) to 1/2 MS containing 4.5 mu M BA. Further, supplementation of amino acids in the callus induction medium significantly improved the embryogenic response of in vitro leaves. The higher number of explants showing somatic embryo production (55.3 %) and higher number of somatic embryos per explant (15.5 per explant) were recorded with the supplementation of 5 mM phenylalanine to callus induction medium. Primary somatic embryos showed repetitive embryogenesis on % MS medium devoid of growth regulators. Plantlets derived from somatic embryos were transferred to soil-sand-peat mixture (1:1:1 v/v) and hardened plantlets were established in greenhouse with 90 % survival. This somatic embryogenesis system has been successfully used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation studies in `Crimson Seedless' in our laboratory. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of amino acids for the high efficient somatic embryogenesis in grapevine.

10aAmino acids10asomatic embryogenesis10aVitis vinifera L.10a`Crimson Seedless'1 aNookaraju, A.1 aAgrawal, Dinesh, C. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/use-amino-acids-highly-efficient-somatic-embryogenesis-grapevine-crimson-seedless-002660nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245022700055210006900282260000900351520169200360653002002052653001002072653002202082653002602104653001902130653002602149100001802175700002602193700002902219700002402248700002002272856012602292 2020 eng d a0721-759500aCombinatorial approach through in vitro regeneration and phytochemical profiling of ceropegia media (huber) ans.: a potential way forward in the conservation of an endangered medicinal plant from the western ghats in India0 aCombinatorial approach through in vitro regeneration and phytoch cJUN 3 a

Ceropegia mediais an endemic and endangered plant as its propagation through seeds is unreliable due to low germination, slow growth and seedling decay under natural conditions. Also, tubers of this plant are edible serving as carbohydrate source with medicinal values leading to severe population decline in the natural habitat. To provide a sustainable solution, an efficient in vitro propagation protocol along with phytochemical profiling was developed forC. media. Callus cultures were induced from seedling and wild leaf tissues using the most effective Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 2 mu M) and sucrose (3%). Somatic embryos were acquired on MS medium with 1 mu M 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mu M 2,4-D. Conversion into plantlets was attained only from tissue culture-derived seedling leaf (TCDSL) explant. Further, in vitro tuberization was achieved from TCDSL callus with BAP and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). AgNO(3)as an elicitor had a positive effect on both fresh and dry weights of callus. Successful acclimatization (58%) was attained after two months resulting in normal phenotype in pots. Further, metabolite profiles of ten different tissues from wild and in vitro plants were compared. Total 82 compounds comprising alkaloids, fatty acids, fatty acid ester, steroids, terpenes and hydrocarbons were identified. Overall, results suggested enhanced production of selected metabolites with in vitro propagation and AgNO3, alleviating the problem of unavailability of planting materials. Thus, the current study might offer potential ways for the conservation of such RED enlisted species asC. media. [GRAHICS]

10aCeropegia media10aGC-MS10aMicrotuberization10aSecondary metabolites10aSilver nitrate10asomatic embryogenesis1 aPandey, Meena1 aDholakia, Bhushan, B.1 aJayaramaiah, Ramesha, H.1 aPunekar, Sachin, A.1 aGiri, Ashok, P. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/combinatorial-approach-through-vitro-regeneration-and-phytochemical-profiling-ceropegia