01874nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260006900246300001200315490000800327520111600335653002301451653002301474653001801497100002101515700002301536856012101559 2005 eng d a0924-424700aRole of non-linear processes in conducting polymer blends for piezo-sensors Part 2: studies on polyaniline/SBS blends0 aRole of nonlinear processes in conducting polymer blends for pie aPO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLANDbELSEVIER SCIENCE SAcMAY a474-4810 v1203 a

The electrical properties and piezo-response of conducting polymer blends have been investigated with respect to composition for styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) elastomer containing two grades of polyaniline (PANI). The blends were synthesized using solution/dispersion technique in which the conducting PANI was prepared with either HCl or dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as dopant. Thick sheets cast from these exhibited high piezo-sensitive electrical resistance even at small mechanical load. The pressure dependence of resistance followed a non-linear power law of the type R = KP-m where K and m values changed considerably with composition. The current voltage characteristics in these blends were found to be highly non-linear and the conduction mechanism was either space charge limited or tunneling type depending on the concentration and nature of conducting additive. These various results have been explained on the basis of the phenomenological model developed incorporating the non-linear processes for electrical and mechanical properties. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10aconducting polymer10anon-linear process10apiezo-sensors1 aRadhakrishnan, S1 aKar, Swarnendu, B. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/role-non-linear-processes-conducting-polymer-blends-piezo-sensors-part-2-studies-001622nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260006900229300001000298490000800308520083900316653001301155653001301168653002301181653001601204653001301220100002201233700002301255856012601278 2006 eng d a0925-400500aResponse characteristics of conducting polypyrrole bi-layer actuators: role of backing layer polymer0 aResponse characteristics of conducting polypyrrole bilayer actua aPO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLANDbELSEVIER SCIENCE SAcNOV a94-980 v1193 a

The response of a bi-layer conducting polymer-based actuator has been studied with respect to various parameters such as backing layer thickness, backing layer modulus, applied voltage, etc. The bending angles for the bi-layer actuators made by depositing, conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films on backing layers using LDPE/LLDPE, SBS, Hytrel, PP, PET materials have been compared. The response of the bi-layer actuators indicates that there is optimum for the backing layer thickness as well as its material modulus together with the thickness of the conducting polymer at which the maximum bending is observed. Other geometrical parameters such as a length to width ratio also influence the response of these actuators and have to be chosen properly for the best actuator performance. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10aactuator10abi-layer10aconducting polymer10apolypyrrole10aresponse1 aRadhakrishnan, S.1 aKar, Swarnendu, B. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/response-characteristics-conducting-polypyrrole-bi-layer-actuators-role-backing-layer-002262nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260008900204300001200293490000700305520120900312653002201521653002301543653002001566653002301586653001601609653001601625653001701641100001701658700001901675700001901694700001601713700002001729700002101749700001701770700002201787700002001809856010701829 2007 eng d a0019-559600aFabrication of MEMS composite-polymer gas sensor arrays for electronic nose0 aFabrication of MEMS compositepolymer gas sensor arrays for elect aDR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIAbNATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATIONcAPR a321-3250 v453 a

Sensor arrays capable of sensing different gases combined with a sampling system and a means of pattern classification and recognition comprise a basic system for an `Electronic Nose' In the present work, a complete process for the fabrication of micro-cavities with sensing electrodes and volumes ranging from 2.5 to 12 nano-liters for the development of polymer gas sensors has been reported. An array of eight sensing cells in four sizes have been fabricated using SU-8 negative tone resist through UV-LIGA process developed at CEERI, Pilani. The length and width of the SU-8 cavities are: 250 x 250, 300 x 300, 500 x 500 and 500 x 600 micron and the depth of each of them was optimized to be 40 micron. These cavities filled with different polymer composites comprise the basic sensing cells for a variety of gases. The current paper presents the salient features of the fabrication process in detail and the results obtained in ethanol and methanol ambient using a polymer composite developed through dissolution of styrene and polyaniline in PMMA. A number of other composites such as Pc-Ppy, Pr-Ppy, Fc(+)-PPy have also been synthesized and tested for a high sensitivity in carbon monoxide.

10acomposite polymer10aconducting polymer10aelectronic nose10apolymer gas sensor10aselectivity10asensitivity10asensor array1 aPant, B., D.1 aKutnar, Mahesh1 aLakshmi, Subha1 aArora, Anil1 aPrasad, Mahanth1 aSharma, Akshdeep1 aPatel, Mohan1 aRadhakrishnan, S.1 aDwivedi, V., K. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/fabrication-mems-composite-polymer-gas-sensor-arrays-electronic-nose02323nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013400055210006900189260007300258300001200331490000800343520134700351653001901698653002301717653001401740653002401754653002101778653002201799653002601821100002201847700002501869700002201894700001601916856012501932 2007 eng d a0378-775300aHigh-temperature, polymer-graphite hybrid composites for bipolar plates: effect of processing conditions on electrical properties0 aHightemperature polymergraphite hybrid composites for bipolar pl aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJAN a702-7070 v1633 a

High-temperature thermoplastic-graphite composites are prepared using polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and polyether sulfone (PES) containing natural graphite powder. All samples are prepared by high pressure compaction and heating to high temperatures. The effect of a third additional conducting component on the electrical resistance of these composites is studied. A low resistance of the order of 0.1 Omega can be obtained even for a graphite concentration of 50% by addition of the third component. The effect of a mixing/blending technique on the anisotropy of conductivity is investigated. Solution blending of PES with graphite leads to lower anisotropy values than powder mixing and compression moulding. The samples when exposed continuously to a working temperature of 100 degrees C give a small but significant reduction in electrical resistance. X-ray diffraction studies on composites prepared by different techniques indicate that there is restructuring and crystallite re-orientation of the graphite phase in the samples. A large reduction in the crystallite size is observed for samples prepared by solution blending while re-orientation occurs after heat treatment. The changes in electrical properties can be correlated with these structural transformations in the composites. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10abipolar plates10aconducting polymer10afuel cell10agraphite composites10ahybrid materials10apolyether sulfone10apolypherylene sulfide1 aRadhakrishnan, S.1 aRamanujam, B., T. S.1 aAdhikari, Arindam1 aSivaram, S. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/high-temperature-polymer-graphite-hybrid-composites-bipolar-plates-effect-processing-001742nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260009800231300001400329490000700343520089500350653002101245653002301266653003201289653001601321100001701337700001901354700002201373856012901395 2007 eng d a0959-810300aSynthesis, characterization and actuation behavior of polyaniline-coated electroactive paper actuators0 aSynthesis characterization and actuation behavior of polyaniline aTHE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLANDbJOHN WILEY & SONS LTDcDEC a1530-15360 v563 a

This investigation deals with the synthesis, characterization and actuation behavior of conductive polyaniline-coated electroactive paper actuators. The actuator is made by electrochemical deposition of conductive polyaniline on a cellulose paper. The aim of the investigation was to improve the bending displacement of electroactive paper actuators. The displacement outputs of the actuators show that a trilayer is better than a bilayer configuration. The nature of the dopant ion used in the electro-generation affects the performance. A change in humidity plays a vital role in actuation performance of the actuators. Comparing the performance of electroactive paper actuators with and without a conductive polyaniline coating, the coating improves the displacement output threefold. Finally, the actuation principle mechanism is addressed. (C) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.

10abending actuator10aconducting polymer10aelectroactive polymer (EAP)10apolyaniline1 aKim, Jaehwan1 aYun, Sung-Ryul1 aDeshpande, S., D. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/synthesis-characterization-and-actuation-behavior-polyaniline-coated-electroactive-paper-002257nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260010600211300001400317490000700331520135200338653001801690653001201708653002301720653001901743653002101762100002201783700001701805700002301822700001801845700002101863856011901884 2009 eng d a0013-468600aConducting polyaniline-nano-TiO2 composites for smart corrosion resistant coatings0 aConducting polyanilinenanoTiO2 composites for smart corrosion re aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcJAN a1249-12540 v543 a

Coatings prepared from polyaniline-nano-TiO2 particles synthesized by in situ polymerization were found to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance much superior to polyaniline (PANI) in aggressive environments. The corrosion Studies were carried out on steel plates coated with these formulations containing 10 wt% polyaniline prepared with different concentrations of nano-TiO2. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was studied at periodic intervals during exposure to hot saline (65 degrees C) conditions for prolonged durations over a period of 90 h. The open circuit potential (OCP) was found to shift with time from -0.38 V SCE to more anodic side (-0.2 V SCE) much above that of bare steel (-0.5 VSCE). The presence of nano-TiO2 was found to be vital in the prevention of corrosion and the shift of OCP to anodic side. From these data, one could envisage more than 100 times improvement in the corrosion resistance especially for polyaniline prepared with 4.18 wt% nano-TiO2. The exceptional improvement of performance of these coatings has been associated with the increase in barrier to diffusion, prevention of charge transport by the nanosize TiO2, redox properties of polyaniline as well as very large surface area available for the liberation of dopant due to nano-size additive. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10aAnticorrosion10aCoating10aconducting polymer10aNano-composite10aTitanium dioxide1 aRadhakrishnan, S.1 aSiju, C., R.1 aMahanta, Debajyoti1 aPatil, Satish1 aMadras, Giridhar uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/conducting-polyaniline-nano-tio2-composites-smart-corrosion-resistant-coatings-001751nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147260006900216300001200285490000800297520097100305653002001276653002001296653002301316653001601339100001901355700001901374700002201393856011801415 2009 eng d a0379-677900aPolypyrrole functionalized with ferrocenyl derivative as a rapid carbon monoxide sensor0 aPolypyrrole functionalized with ferrocenyl derivative as a rapid aPO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLANDbELSEVIER SCIENCE SAcMAR a415-4180 v1593 a

A rapid carbon monoxide detection system was developed with the electrochemical functioncalization of polypyrrole (PPy) with ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium iodide (FTMA-I) as a co-dopant exhibits very high sensitivity to ppm levels of carbon monoxide gas and fast recovery under normal dry room temperature conditions. The co-dopant was synthesized mainly to incorporate into PPy electrochemically to modify the properties in order to sense carbon monoxide (CO) gas. The FTMA-I doped PPy exhibited the characteristics oxidation/reduction peaks for ferrocene in its cyclic voltammograms. The modified PPy films deposited on interdigited electrodes gave rapid sensitivity within a second to 300 ppm carbon monoxide gas and good sensitivity factor was observed even at 4 mmol of the functional groups in the polymer for 300 ppm carbon monoxide gas. This material detected the CO gas concentration as low as 100 ppm. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10acarbon monoxide10aChemical sensor10aconducting polymer10apolypyrrole1 aPaul, Santhosh1 aChavan, Nayaku1 aRadhakrishnan, S. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/polypyrrole-functionalized-ferrocenyl-derivative-rapid-carbon-monoxide-sensor-001862nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260007600246300001200322490000800334520098100342653002001323653002301343653001101366653002101377653001701398653001601415653001401431100002201445700002201467856013101489 2011 eng d a0021-899500aDopant induced effect on electrocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene using conducting polypyrrole thin film electrodes0 aDopant induced effect on electrocatalytic reduction of nitrobenz aCOMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USAbWILEY-BLACKWELLcAPR a719-7240 v1203 a

Conducting polypyrrole electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum-metallized glass substrates. These electrodes were modified by doping with a range of metal halides as dopant ions having different electronegativity. Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene using these electrodes was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry technique in acetonitrile medium containing aqueous HClO(4) (0.1M) as supporting electrolyte. It was found that the electronegativity of the dopant ion played a very important role in the electrocatalytic activity. Polypyrrole doped with nickel chloride gave the highest anodic current at the reduction potential of nitrobenzene. The results were explained on the basis of charge transfer efficiency at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which was associated with the acceptor state created by the dopant in the semi-conducting polymer. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 719-724, 2011

10acharge transfer10aconducting polymer10aDoping10aelectrocatalysis10anitrobenzene10apolypyrrole10areduction1 aAdhikari, Arindam1 aRadhakrishnan, S. uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/dopant-induced-effect-electrocatalytic-reduction-nitrobenzene-using-conducting-polypyrrole-002416nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245017300055210006900228260000800297300001400305490000600319520152300325653002301848653002701871653002401898653002801922653002601950100003001976700002302006700002802029856012902057 2020 eng d a2168-048500aFlexible energy storage device based on poly(N-phenylglycine), an incentive-energy pseudocapacitive conducting polymer, and electrochemically exfoliated graphite sheets0 aFlexible energy storage device based on polyNphenylglycine an in cAPR a6433-64410 v83 a

Poly(N-phenylglycine) (PNPG), an original pseudocapacitive conjugative conducting polymer (CP), was synthesized by the electro-oxidative polymerization method. The synthesis process involves in situ polymerization and electro-deposition of N-phenylglycine onto the surface of highly conductive, few-layered, exfoliated flexible graphite sheets (EFGSs). At first, the promising features of the conjugative structure of the as-prepared protonated PNPG were thoroughly investigated by UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The protonated nitrogen groups facilitate the rapid accessibility of counter ions from the electrolyte. Electrochemical studies revealed that the PNPG/E-FGS electrode exhibits an extraordinary areal specific capacitance of 367 mF cm(-2) at 10 mV s(-1). A flexible solid-state symmetrical supercapacitor was further fabricated using PNPG/E-FGS electrodes, exhibiting a specific capacitance as high as 199 mF cm(-2) at 1 mA cm(-2) with an operating voltage of 1.1 V. Furthermore, the device delivered an excellent specific energy of 8.36 mu W h cm(-2) at a power density of 1.65 mW cm(-2) in a working potential window of 1.1 V. More significantly, the energy density was nearly doubled to 16.1 mu W h cm(-2) upon extending the potential window from 1.1 to 1.5 V. The extremely redox-active CP electrode is highly suitable for applications in high-energy electrochemical capacitors with wide operating potential window.

10aconducting polymer10aelectro-polymerization10aexfoliated graphite10aflexible supercapacitor10apoly(N-phenylglycine)1 aMuniraj, Vedi, Kuyil Azha1 aBoukherroub, Rabah1 aShelke, Manjusha, Vilas uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/flexible-energy-storage-device-based-polyn-phenylglycine-incentive-energy-pseudocapacitive